Ms. Lopez's articulation errors include f/v, ʃ/ʒ, and s/z. Remediation should focus on which category?

• A. Manner
• B. Place
• C. Fricatives
• D. Voicing

Answer: (D)

The key idea here is focusing on voicing contrasts. All the errors shown—f vs v, s vs z, and ʃ vs ʒ—are pairs that differ only in voicing (one is voiceless, the other voiced) and they appear across different places of articulation. That pattern points to a difficulty with producing or perceiving voicing consistently, not a problem with where the sound is made or with the manner of production.

So remediation should target voicing: help the student feel and hear the vibration that comes with voiced sounds, and practice producing both members of the pairs. Use cues like placing a finger on the throat to feel voicing, start with clear minimal pairs (f/v, s/z, ʃ/ʒ), engage auditory discrimination activities, and then move to practice with increasing speed and in varied contexts to transfer the contrast across places of articulation.